Listeria: Raw Fruits and Vegetables: The
dangerous listeriosis outbreak of
2011 has many people rethinking the rules about food safety and food poisoning.
Listeria bacteria can contaminate
fresh produce, like cantaloupes grown at one Colorado farm. Symptoms of
infection include fever, muscle aches, upset stomach, or diarrhea -- occurring
two days to two months after exposure. Safety: Scrub raw produce and dry before
cutting. Store in fridge below 40° F. Clean everything in contact with a whole
melon.
Listeria:
Unpasteurized Dairy: Dairy products made with
raw milk, including yogurt and soft cheeses like Brie, feta, and Mexican queso,
can harbor listeria. Because listeria can live at colder
temperatures, simply refrigerating these foods won't kill the bacteria. People
at highest risk of getting sick include the elderly, pregnant women, and people
with weakened immune systems. Safety: Check the label. Make sure it's clearly marked "pasteurized."
Listeria: Deli
Meats and Hot Dogs: Sometimes listeria finds its way into a food
processing factory, where it can live for years. Heat kills listeria, but contamination may happen
after cooking, but before packaging
– for example, if a food is placed back on a counter that had raw meat on
it. Safety: Never keep pre-cooked or ready-to-eat foods past their
use-by date. Heat hot dogs and lunch meats until steaming (165° F) before
eating.
Salmonella:
Poultry and Eggs: Salmonella
bacteria can taint any food, although there's a greater risk from animal
products because of contact with animal feces. In chickens, it can infect eggs before the shell forms, so even clean, fresh eggs may harbor salmonella. Symptoms include stomach
cramps, fever, and diarrhea 12 to 72 hours after exposure. Illness usually
lasts four to seven days. Safety:
Never eat raw or lightly cooked eggs. Cook poultry to 165° F. Keep raw poultry
separate from other foods. Wash hands, cutting boards, utensils, and countertops
after handling.
Salmonella: Fresh
Produce: Fresh produce is catching
up with poultry as a cause of salmonella
infections. Outbreaks have been traced to tomatoes, hot peppers, salad greens,
and papayas. Sprouts, too, may harbor salmonella
because they’re grown in warm, humid conditions – and are often eaten raw or
lightly cooked. Infections can be severe or even fatal in people at higher
risk, including babies and the frail elderly. Safety: Thoroughly wash and dry
produce, and store in the fridge at 40° F.
Salmonella:
Processed Foods: Chips, crackers, soup,
peanut butter, even frozen meals may pose a slight risk for salmonella infection. A 2009 salmonella outbreak was linked to peanut
butter and packaged foods made with peanuts, including granola bars and
cookies. In cases like these, salmonella
bacteria at a processing plant can contaminate many products, which must then
be recalled. Safety: Never use a product that has been recalled -- immediately
return it to the store or throw it away. Heating foods thoroughly to 165° F can
kill salmonella bacteria.
Salmonella: Raw
Meat: Raw meat, particularly
ground meat, is at risk for salmonella
contamination. Ground turkey has been linked with several salmonella outbreaks. You usually can't tell the food is
contaminated because it looks and smells normal. Safety: Cook beef, pork, and lamb
to at least 145° F and poultry (including
ground poultry) to at least 165° F. Ground beef, pork, and lamb should be
heated to 160° F. Avoid cross-contamination by washing hands and all surfaces
with warm soapy water after contact with raw meat.
E. coli: Ground
Beef: E. coli lives
in the intestines of cattle and can contaminate beef during the slaughtering
process. Ground beef is especially risky, because the bacteria can spread when
meat is ground up. Symptoms of E. coli infection include severe
abdominal cramps, watery diarrhea, and vomiting. The illness typically develops
several days after exposure and can be severe in vulnerable people. It lasts
about a week. Safety: Cook meat thoroughly (160°
F, no pink in the center). Do not put a cooked burger back on a plate that
held raw meat. Wash utensils, including the meat thermometer, with warm, soapy
water.
E. coli: Raw
Juice and Milk: Pasteurization uses heat to
kill bacteria. Since most juices you’ll find at the grocery store have been
pasteurized, they pose no risk. However, unpasteurized juices and ciders sold
at farms, stands, or in health food stores, can harbor E. coli. The
bacteria can also get into raw milk as a result of unclean milking equipment,
or manure-soiled or infected udders. Safety: Buy only products that have been pasteurized. If you're not
sure, boil before drinking.
E. coli: Fresh
Produce: Fruits and vegetables can
be tainted with E. coli if the fertilizer or water used to grow them
carries the bacteria. Leafy greens are at highest risk. An E. coli
outbreak in 2006 was linked to fresh spinach. Since then, produce growers have
put new safety measures into place to minimize the risk. Experts say the health
benefits of eating fruits and veggies are far greater than the risk of food
poisoning. Safety:
Separate and individually wash the leaves of leafy greens, and cook vegetables
to kill bacteria.
Botulism: Canned
Foods: Botulism
is a rare, possibly fatal illness linked to improperly canned or preserved
foods. Home-canned foods are especially at risk, as well as honey, cured meats,
and fermented, smoked, or salted fish. Babies have the highest risk of getting
sick. Symptoms include cramps, vomiting, breathing problems, difficulty
swallowing, double vision, and weakness or paralysis. If you suspect botulism
poisoning, call 911. Safety: Never give honey to
children under 12 months. Throw away bulging cans, leaking jars, or
foul-smelling preserved foods – or if liquid spurts out upon opening. Sterilize
home-canned foods by cooking at 250° F for 30 minutes.
C. Perfringens:
Meat, Stew, and Gravy: Clostridium perfringens
is a type of bacteria that causes cramps and diarrhea lasting less than 24
hours. Stews, gravies, and other foods that are prepared in large quantities
and kept warm for a long time before serving are a common source of C.
perfringens infections. Safety: Sauces, gravies, and stews should be cooked thoroughly and
then kept at a temperature above 140° F or below 41° F. Serve food hot right
after cooking. Promptly refrigerate leftovers.
Staph:
Sandwiches, Salads, Pastries: Yes,
you can get a staph infection from
food -- when an infected person prepares it. Foods at highest risk include
sandwiches, salads (including egg, tuna,
chicken, potato, and macaroni), cream-filled pastries, and puddings.
Symptoms come on quickly, in as little as 30 minutes, and include vomiting,
cramps, and diarrhea. The illness usually runs its course in one to three days.
Safety: Wash hands thoroughly
before handling food. Do not handle food if you are sick or have a nose or eye
infection, an open wound, or infection on your hands or wrists.
Hepatitis A: Improper Food Handling: Hepatitis A is a virus that attacks the liver and
can cause fever, fatigue, nausea, weight loss, and jaundice. Most infections
are mild. It can spread when an infected person doesn’t wash hands properly,
then touches food or items that are put in the mouth. Recent outbreaks were
traced back to workers in food processing plants or restaurants. Safety: Get
vaccinated against hepatitis A. Check
restaurant health ratings. Always wash hands thoroughly before handling food.
Campylobacter:
Undercooked Poultry: As little as one drop of
raw chicken juice can cause campylobacter
illness -- a little-known illness that is the second-leading cause of food poisoning in the U.S. Symptoms can
include fever, cramps, diarrhea, and vomiting. Most people recover in less than
a week, but it can lead to Guillain-Barre
syndrome, a rare, serious illness.
Guillain-Barre develops a few weeks after diarrheal illness and can cause
temporary paralysis. Safety:
Avoid cross-contamination by washing hands, cutting surfaces, utensils, and
countertops in warm, soapy water after handling raw poultry. Cook poultry to at
least 165° F.
Norwalk Virus:
Improper Food Handling: Noroviruses
are the most common culprits in what we think of as the "stomach flu." They cause vomiting
and diarrhea, and usually last 24 to 48 hours. Norwalk viruses contaminate food when a food worker doesn’t wash
his or her hands after using the restroom. Foods like salad or raw shellfish
pose a risk because they aren’t cooked before eating. Safety: Always wash hands with hot,
soapy water for 30 seconds after using the toilet or changing diapers, and
before handling food.
Vibrio
Vulnificus: Raw Oysters: Vibrio vulnificus
is a bacteria that lives in warm seawater and can contaminate shellfish, particularly oysters. V. vulnificus
infection causes the same gastrointestinal symptoms as many other foodborne
illnesses, but in people with weakened immune systems it can develop into a
life-threatening blood infection. Safety: Only eat thoroughly cooked
shellfish. Frying, baking, boiling, and steaming reduces the risk of infection.
Throw away any shellfish that doesn't open during cooking.
Paralytic
Shellfish Poisoning: Paralytic
shellfish poison (PSP) is produced by certain
types of algae. When algae "blooms"
-- called a red tide -- it produces
high levels of toxin and shellfish can be contaminated. Symptoms of PSP include tingling lips and tongue,
numbness, difficulty breathing, and eventual paralysis. Death from PSP can happen as soon as 30 minutes
after extreme exposure. Luckily, PSP
is extremely rare. Shellfish are regularly tested for toxins before being sold
to the public.
Scombrotoxin:
Fresh Tuna: Scombrotoxin
poisoning is an allergy-like reaction to eating fish that has begun to spoil.
Fish associated with scombrotoxin
include tuna, mackerel, amberjack, and mahi-mahi. In the early stages of
spoilage, bacteria produce histamines
in the fish. This causes a burning sensation in the mouth, itchy rash,
dizziness, headache, and diarrhea. Symptoms usually subside within four to six
hours, and antihistamines can help.
Ciguatera
Poisoning: Fish: This develops from eating reef fish like grouper or snapper that
have consumed some types of sea algae. Symptoms develop within six hours of
exposure and can include:
- Burning or
painful tingling in arms or legs
- Headache
- Nausea, vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Hallucinations
- Temperature
reversal (cold objects feel hot, hot
objects feel cold)
There is no cure for ciguatera poisoning,
and although it usually goes away after days or weeks, neurological symptoms
can sometimes last for years.
When to Call a Doctor: Most foodborne illnesses resolve on their own, but
you should call the doctor if you have:
- A high fever
- Bloody stools
- Prolonged vomiting
- Diarrhea lasting more than three days
- Signs of dehydration (dry mouth, dizziness, reduced
urination)
Tips for Safer Food Handling:
- Thoroughly wash hands before handling food.
- Wash cutting surfaces, utensils, and countertops after
contact with raw meat.
- Wash produce under running water and dry with paper
towels.
- Discard outer leaves of lettuce or cabbage.
- Cook meat, poultry, and eggs to proper temperature.
- Keep hot foods hot and cold foods cold.
Special
Precautions: Certain groups are at
increased risk of contracting a foodborne illness or getting very sick from it.
Pregnant women, the elderly, young children, and people with compromised immune
systems should avoid eating undercooked
meats and eggs, unpasteurized dairy products, uncooked hot dogs and deli meats,
and raw seafood.
Reviewed by Kathleen M. Zelman, MPH, RD, LD on October 17, 2011
Reviewed by Sabrina Felson, MD on July 29,
2018
REFERENCES:
Amber Waves.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Center for Science in the Public Interest.
ScienceDaily.com.
FamilyDoctor.org.
KidsHealth.org.
Illinois Department of Public Health.
California Department of Food & Agriculture.
World Health Organization.
Colorado State University Extension.
New York State Department of Health.
Department of Health & Human Services, North
Carolina.
USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service.
FoodSafety.gov.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Washington State Department of Health.
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